Massively Parallel RNG using CUDA C, Thrust and C#

Introduction

In this post, I’ll give you some simple examples of how to use the massively parallel GPU on your computer to generate uniformly distributed psuedo-random numbers. Why GPU? Because it is orders of magnitude faster than CPU, does not occupy your CPU time, it is already on all computers and many other reasons I mentioned in my previous post. While there are maybe hundreds of ways to generate pseudorandom numbers, I only covered four ways to do it on NVIDIA cards using CUDA related APIs: 

1. A Basic Linear Congruential Generator (LCG) implementation using CUDA C
2. A Thrust C++ template library implementation
3. An NVIDIA CURAND implementation
4. A Mersenne Twister implementation using CUDA C

In order to demonstrate how to utilize the GPU, the implementations are provided as C++ native DLLs and used within C# sample application. Perhaps there are many other APIs and ways worth talking about to utilize your GPU within your C# application, but this post’s scope is limited only to the subject I mentioned above. I’m suggesting that you visit http://gpgpu.org/, if you already did not, to see the endless possibilities in this area.

While I was preparing these samples, I saw that visualizing the data is very important to understand the algorithms. Therefore, I used Microsoft WPF on C# to visualize the generated random numbers. You can use your own application and copy the classes under the RNGLibs folder.

All code can be downloaded from this link: RNGTests09182011.zip.

Background

About Random Number Generators (RNG)

The generation of random numbers is important in many applications like simulations, cryptography, sampling and mostly in statistics. A sequence of numbers is random when it does not have a recognizable pattern in it or in other words if it is non-deterministic. Although non-deterministic random numbers are ideal, the computer generated, deterministic random numbers can be statistically “random enough”. These random numbers are named as pseudo-random numbers and can have easily identifiable patterns if the algorithm is not chosen wisely. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Pseudorandom_number_generator).

There are many pseudo-random number generators and also many different implementations of them in sequential and parallel environments. (http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/List_of_pseudorandom_number_generators) In this post, I used only Linear Congruential Generators, Xorshift and Mersenne Twister. Therefore, I explained only these three algorithms, but you can use CUDA to develop other RNGs too.

Thrust

As I mentioned in my previous post, writing code using CUDA API is very powerful in terms of controlling the hardware, but there are high level libraries like Thrust C++ template library, which provide many fundamental programming logic like sorting, prefix-sums, reductions, transformations, etc. The best part is that Thrust consists only of header files and is distributed with CUDA 4.0 installation.

Projects

I’ve used Visual Studio 2010 to host one C# Windows Application and native C++ DLLs for RNG implementations as seen in the solution structure below:

• RNGVisual (Main C# application)
• CURACRNGLib (CUDA C RNG implementation)
• CURANDRNGLib (CURAND RNG implementation)
• ThrustRNGLib (Thrust RNG Implementation)
• MersenneTwisterRNGLib (Mersenne Twister RNG implementation)

The only additional API is the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit 4.0, which you will need to install along with a supported graphics device driver from the same link. Also do not forget to install the Build Customization BUG FIX Update from the same link or from here.

Once the CUDA Toolkit is installed, creating CUDA enabled projects is really simple. For those who are not familiar using native C++ CUDA enabled projects, please follow the steps below to create one:

• Create a Visual C++ console project in Visual Studio 2010 by selecting DLL and Empty project on the wizard
• Open Build Customization from the C++ project context menu, and check the CUDA 4.0(.targets, .props) checkbox
• Open the project properties, expand the Configuration Properties, Linker and select Input. Edit the additional dependencies and add cudart.lib.
• Add a new empty source file ending with .cu.

Implementation

WPF Application

The RNGVisual C# WPF application provides visualization of the random numbers in 2D and 3D. It allows you to select an RNG algorithm (.NET, CUDA C, CURAND, Thrust or Merseene Twister) and allows you to set some display parameters and processor parameters. With any number count below 10K, all RNGs calculate in about one millisecond and most of the time is spent drawing the squares to the screen. Therefore, the time should not confuse you in terms of performance comparison. You can run the algorithms with 100K numbers without the visualization and see the difference on your hardware. But please be aware that it is better to use CUDA events with cudaEventRecord to time GPU execution more precisely.

RNGVisual implements various proxy classes, which uses platform invoke to call RNG methods exported from the native C++ DLLs. I used the same export and import technique in my previous post. The RNG libraries have the following two exports, one for CPU implementation and one for GPU implementation:

extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) void __cdecl
    GPU_RNG(float*, unsigned int, unsigned int);

extern "C" __declspec(dllexport) void __cdecl
    CPU_RNG(float*, unsigned int, unsigned int);

The first argument is a pointer to the memory location to hold the random numbers. The second argument is the size of the array and the last argument is the initial seed.

An important point of random number generation is selecting the seed value, because the same seed will give the same result. While there are many different techniques studied, I used my own method of combining current time, CPU load and available physical memory with the help of the Windows Management Instrumentation (WMI); it still does not perform well in multi-threaded solutions, but it gives at least a better random start. The implementation is in the CPUHelper class of the RNGVisual application.

A Linear Congruential Generator (LCG) implementation using CUDA C

The first RNG project is using native CUDA Runtime API to implement the oldest and best-known pseudorandom number generator algorithms named LCG. LCG is fast and requires minimal memory to retain state. Therefore, LCG is very efficient for simulating multiple independent streams. But LCGs have some disadvantages and should not be used for applications where high-quality randomness is critical. In fact, the simple example I implemented repeats numbers in a very short period and should be enhanced with methods like explained in GPUGems 3 (37-4).

LCG is as simple as seen in the formula below; starting with a seed (Xn), the next random number is determined with (a * seed + c) mod m.
Xn+1 = (a Xn + c) (mod m)
where 0 < m, 0 < a < m, 0 <= x0 < m and 0 <= c < m.

Below is a sequential implementation of the LCG algorithm, which generates 100 pseudo-random numbers:

random[0] = 123; //some initial seed
for(int i = 1; i < 100; i++)
 random[i] = ( a * random[i-1] + c) % m; 

The CUDACRNGLib project has a very basic implementation of LCG by distributing the work onto 256 threads. Because the same seed will result in the same random number, first we generate different random seeds for every thread. When the kernel below is executed, every thread generates one section of the random number sequence:

__global__ void RNGKernel(float * randomNumbers, unsigned int numberCount,
    unsigned int * seeds, unsigned int c, unsigned int a, unsigned int M)
{
    int startIdx = threadIdx.x * numberCount;
    unsigned int x = seeds[threadIdx.x];
    for(int i=0; i < numberCount; i++) {
        x = (a * x + c) % M; //M is shown for purpose of example
        randomNumbers[startIdx + i]= (float)x / (float)M; //normalize
    }
}

As I mentioned before, this implementation is simplified to give you an idea how you can start using CUDA C. It even has static block count of one and thread count of 256. If you plan to go for production code, it is good to start many blocks of threads. You may want to check out a better implementation on GPU Gems 3 (37-7) or check out Arnold and Meel’s implementation, which provides also better randomness.

A Thrust C++ Template Library Implementation

The Thrust library default random engine (default_random_engine) is a Linear Congruential Generator (may change in the future) with a = 48271, c = 0 and m = 2^31. Because c equals to zero, the algorithm is also named multiplicative congruential method or Lehmer RNG.

The ThrustRNGLib has a very basic implementation of Thrust default random engine by running the following functor to generate one random number. A functor is a type of class in C++ that overloads the operator() and therefore allows to be called like an ordinary function. Thrust provides unary_function and binary_function functors. Below I used the unary_function because my functor requires on argument to be passed into the function:

struct RandomNumberFunctor :
    public thrust::unary_function<unsigned int, float>
{
    unsigned int mainSeed;
    RandomNumberFunctor(unsigned int _mainSeed) :
        mainSeed(_mainSeed) {}

    __host__ __device__
        float operator()(unsigned int threadIdx)
    {
        unsigned int seed = hash(threadIdx) * mainSeed;

        // seed a random number generator
        thrust::default_random_engine rng(seed);

        // create a mapping from random numbers to [0,1)
        thrust::uniform_real_distribution<float> u01(0,1);

        return u01(rng);
    }
};

Using thrust to utilize the GPU is the simplest way to go. You can see the difference by comparing the GPU_RNG from below to the CUDACRNGLib GPU_RNG implementation. Using CUDA C gives you full control of the toolkit but it comes with the price of writing more code.

extern void GPU_RNG(float * h_randomData, unsigned int dataCount, unsigned int mainSeed)
{
    //Allocate device vector
    thrust::device_vector<float> d_rngBuffer(dataCount);

    //generate random numbers
    thrust::transform(thrust::counting_iterator<int>(0),
        thrust::counting_iterator<int>(dataCount),
        d_rngBuffer.begin(), RandomNumberFunctor(mainSeed));

    //copy the random mask back to host
    thrust::copy(d_rngBuffer.begin(), d_rngBuffer.end(), h_randomData);
}

Another good part of Thrust is that every implementation (except copy) exists for GPU as well as for CPU. The CPU implementation is also another three lines of code, this time by using the thrust::generate to generate the random numbers by using the C++ standard template library rand method and then after using thrust::transform to normalize the integer result into float with the help of the [](float n) {return n / (RAND_MAX + 1);} lambda expression. I used the lambda expression instead of a functor to show you also this possibility. Especially on the upcoming
Microsoft C++ AMP, lambda expressions play a big role. Lambda expression are handy in C++ as well as in C#, but it comes with a price of giving up unit testing of the inline expression.

An NVIDIA CURAND Implementation

The NVIDIA CURAND library provides an API for simple and efficient generation of high-quality pseudorandom and quasirandom numbers. The CURAND library default pseudorandom engine is a XORWOW implementation of the Xorshift RNG (page 5) and it produces higher quality random numbers than LCG.

In order to start using CURAND, you only need to include the curand.h header and add the curand.lib to the Linker additional dependencies on the Linker settings.

Like ThrustRNGLib Thrust implementation, the CURANDRNGLib has a very basic implementation by running the following main code to generate a series of random numbers:

....
    //Create a new generator
    curandCreateGenerator(&m_prng, CURAND_RNG_PSEUDO_DEFAULT);
    //Set the generator options
    curandSetPseudoRandomGeneratorSeed(m_prng, (unsigned long) mainSeed);
    //Generate random numbers
    curandGenerateUniform(m_prng, d_randomData, dataCount);
....

CURAND provides the curandCreateGeneratorHost method besides the curandCreateGenerator method, to generate random numbers on the CPU instead of the GPU. Therefore the CPU part is as simple as the GPU part.

A Mersenne Twister Implementation using CUDA C

Mersenne Twister (MT) is an algorithm developed by Makoto Matsumoto and provides very fast generation of high-quality random numbers. (MT Home Page) A common Mersenne twister implementation, uses an LCG to generate seed data.
Originally there are two MT algorithms suitable to use with CUDA: TinyMT and Mersenne Twister for Graphics Processors (MTGP). But I implemented part of the code from the NVIDIA CUDA Toolkit 4.0 MersenneTwister sample, which uses the original code from Makoto Matsumoto anyways.

The Mersenne Twister RNG is maybe the most complicated implementation out of the other three RNGs I provided, but with that you can look into the algorithm, unlike CURAND. The MersenneTwisterRNG.cpp file from the MersenneTwisterRNGLib project is the entry point to the library and exports the same GPU_RNG and CPU_RNG methods as the other libraries. I simplified the host code as much as possible and placed all GPU logic into the GPURNG.cu file. The remaining simple host code can be seen below:

extern void GPU_RNG(float * h_randomData, unsigned int dataCount,
    unsigned int mainSeed)
{
	float * d_randomData = 0;

	//load GPU twisters configuration
	if(!loadMTGPU("MersenneTwister.dat"))
		return;
    seedMTGPU(mainSeed);

	//find the rounded up data count
    //because the generator generates in multiples of 4096
	int numbersPerRNG = iAlignUp(iDivUp(dataCount, MT_RNG_COUNT), 2);
	int randomDataCount = MT_RNG_COUNT * numbersPerRNG;

	//allocate device memory
	size_t randomDataSize = randomDataCount * sizeof(float);
	cudaMalloc((void**)&d_randomData, randomDataSize);

	//Call the generator
	RNGOnGPU(32, 128, d_randomData, numbersPerRNG);

	//Make sure all GPU work is done
	cudaDeviceSynchronize();

	//Copy memory back to the device
	cudaMemcpy(h_randomData, d_randomData, dataCount * sizeof(float),
        cudaMemcpyDeviceToHost);

	//free device memory
	cudaFree(d_randomData);
}

About the Implementations

The Pseudo-random number generators I provided on this post are widely used algorithms, but still I'm not guaranteeing that any of them will perform good enough in your particular solution. In fact, I left some generators poor by purpose to point out the core algorithm and provide variations in randomness. Also, for sake of clarity there is almost no exception handling and logging implemented. This is not an API; my goal is to give you a high level idea how you can use Thrust, CUDA C, CURAND to generate pseudo-random number. Therefore, it is important that you research the algorithms on-line and re-factor the code for your own use.

Some of the code is taken from original NVIDIA samples and have copyright notice on them, the rest is my code which is free to use without any restriction or obligation.

Conclusion

As in every field of computer science, there are many ways to solve a problem and the possibilities expand exponentially. I just scratched the surface of the possibility of using CUDA to add pseudorandom number generation to your C# application. I hope this post will help you in your project.

CodeProject